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Get Academic Help Online We assure authenticity and originality of every paper we produce. Regardless of the deadlines, we are here to make requests similar to “write my research paper” a actuality. Farber’s estimate exhibits that deunionization can explain as a lot as 50% of the growth in the wage hole between employees with a school schooling and those with a highschool training. Unions cut back wage inequalities because they elevate wages extra at the bottom and in the midst of the wage scale than at the prime. Lower-wage, center-wage, blue-collar, and highschool educated employees are additionally extra doubtless than excessive-wage, white-collar, and faculty-educated employees to be represented by unions . The bigger union wage premium for these with low wages, in lower-paid occupations and with less education is shown in Table 2. For occasion, the union wage premium for blue-collar staff in 1997, 23.three%, was far bigger than the two.2% union wage premium for white-collar staff. Likewise, the 1997 union wage premium for highschool graduates, 20.8%, was a lot higher than the 5.1% premium for faculty graduates. Blank and Card discovered that the decline in unionization explained one-third of the decline in UI recipiency over this period. These findings underscore the difference unions make in guaranteeing that the unemployment insurance system works. Considering that UI acts as a stabilizer for the economic system during instances of recession, the role of unions in this program is pivotal . Budd and McHall have estimated that union illustration increases the likelihood of an unemployed employee in a blue-collar occupation receiving UI advantages by approximately 23%. At the height of UI coverage in 1975, one in every two unemployed employees obtained UI advantages. By the mid-Nineteen Eighties, the ratio of claims to unemployed workers had fallen to nearly 30%. Another estimate, which includes vacations and holidays, indicates that union employees enjoy 14.3% more paid day without work. Several studies have shown that deunionization is liable for at least 20% of the massive improve in wage inequality (Mishel et al. 2003). This is particularly the case amongst males, the place steep declines in unionization among blue-collar and non-school-educated men has led to a rise in schooling and occupational wage gaps. For example, the typical nonunion worker in an trade with 25% union density had wages 7.5% higher because of unionization’s presence. Farber’s results present a lower, however still significant, menace effect in later years, though the effect on the typical nonunion wage has diminished because of the erosion of union density. Farber additionally exhibits, not surprisingly, that the threat effect is bigger for staff with not more than high school diploma but minimal for these with a college degree. This includes having 26.6% extra vacation (or 0.sixty three weeksâ€"three days) than nonunion staff. There’s no way your grader will know you had help. Our service is one hundred% confidential and assured plagiarism-free. Our editors check every paper for plagiarism and mistakes before you get it. “What compensation offers the agency and incentive instrument? Some recent evidence for U.S. personal business.” Unpublished paper. Over the years, these guidelines have become mainstays of the American workplace expertise, constituting expressions of cherished public values (Gottesman 1991; Freeman and Medoff 1984). Farber’s results in this additional analysis present a risk impact among all workers within the Seventies and Eighties but not within the Nineteen Nineties. For instance, nonunionized high school graduates earned 2.zero% to five.5% larger wages in industries with 25% unionization than they did in fully nonunionized industries. Farber has performed the most recent analysis of union threat results, the connection between union density and nonunion wages throughout industries, within the non-public sector. In one analysis, Farber finds a constructive risk impact for the 1970s, Nineteen Eighties, and mid-1990s. An professional with all the necessary skills will quickly modify their fashion to the tone of the paper. Upload the documents that might be useful in the strategy of crafting the paper. We have an individual approach to each client and our high priority is to supply excessive-quality service. For this purpose, a versatile refund policy was developed. Differences in union and nonunion earnings in blue-collar and repair occupations.

Spinal Cord Trauma - Free Essay Example

Abstract Loss of sensory and motor function below the injury site is caused by trauma to the spinal cord. Approximately 10,000 people experience serious spinal cord injury each year. There are four general types of spinal cord injury, cord maceration and laceration, contusion and solid core injury. There are three phases of SCI response that occur after injury: the acute, secondary, and chronic. The most immediate concern is patient stabilization. Additionally interventions may be instituted in an effort to improve function and outcome. Through health, and future development one day there will be hope for recovery from the spinal cord injury. Introduction Loss of sensory and motor function below the injury site is caused by trauma to the spinal cord. As indicated by Huether McCance (2008) normal activity of the spinal cord cells at and below the level of injury ceases due to loss of continuous tonic discharge from the brain and brain stem. Depending on the extent of the injury reflex function below the point of injury may be completely lost. This involves all skeletal muscles, bladder, bowel, sexual function and autonomic control. In the past hope for recovery has been minimal. With medical advancements and better understanding today hope for recovery is better but still limited. Risk Factors and Incidence According to Huether McCance (2008) approximately 10,000 people experience serious spinal cord injury each year. 81% of those injuries are males with an average age of 33.4 years. As indicated by Hulsebosch (2002) the majority of injuries are divided into four separate groups; 44% of the injuries are young people sustained through motor vehicle crashes or other high energy traumatic accident; 18% are sustained through sports activities, and 24% are sustained through violence and 22% are sustained in the elderly population either through falls or cervical spinal stenosis caused by congenital narrowing or spondylosis. Categories of Injury According to Hulsebosch (2002) there are four general types of spinal cord injury: 1) cord maceration 2) cord laceration 3) contusion injury, and 4) solid cord injury. In the first two injuries, the surface of the cord is lacerated and a prominent connective tissue response is invoked, whereas in the latter two the spinal cord surface is not breached and the connective tissue component is minimal. The contusion injury represents from 25 to40% of all injuries and is a progressive injury that enlarges overtime. Cellular Level Physiology Hulsebosch (2002) gives us three phases of response directly after the injury of the spinal cord. The acute phase begins with the moment of injury and extends for the first few days. A variety of pathophysiological processes begins. There is immediate mechanical soft tissue damage, including endothelial cells of the vasculature. Cell death, resulting from mechanical forces and ischemic consequences is instantaneous. Over the next few minutes there are significant electrolytic shifts, intracellular concentrations of sodium increase. Extracellular concentrations of potassium increase. Intracellular levels of calcium increase to toxic levels that contribute to a failure in neural function. Electrolyte shifts cascade to a generalized demonstration of spinal shock, which is representative of a failure of circuitry in the spinal neural network. As indicated by Shewmon (1999) spinal shock is a transient functional depression of a structurally intact cord below the site of an acute spinal cord injury. It does not occur with slowly progressive lesions. Limited function or loss of function typically lasts two to six weeks followed by recovery of functions. The secondary phase occurs over the next few minutes to the next few weeks. Ischemic cellular death, electrolytic shifts, and edema continue. As a result of cell lysis extracellular concentrations of glutamate and other amino acids reach toxic concentrations within the first fifteen minutes after injury. Free-radical production amplifies. Neutrophils accumulate in the spinal parenchyma within 24 hours. Lymphocytes follow the neutrophils and reach their peak numbers within forty eight hours. Local concentrations of cytokines and chemokines increase as part of the inflammation process. As inflammation and ischemia proceed the injury site grows in size from the initial mechanical force response site into the area around the site, encompassing a larger region of cell death. Regeneration is inhibited by factors expressed within the dominos of responsive reactions. The chronic phase occurs over a time course of days to years. Cell death continues. The cord becomes scarred and tethered. Conduction deficits result from demyelination of the cord. Regeneration and emergence of axons is exhibited but inhibitory factors suppress any resultant growth. Alteration of neural circuits often results in chronic pain syndromes for many spinal cord injury patients. Therapeutic Management Spinal cord injury is diagnosed by physical examination, radiological exam, CT scans, MRI scans, and myelography. The most immediate concern in the management of an acute spinal cord injury is patient stabilization. The vertebral column is subject to surgical stabilization using variety of surgical rods, pins, and wires. Hardware must be meticulously placed. Surgical intervention has the potential to instigate additional spinal trauma. Hemostatic body systems must be supported through fluid resuscitation, medication management and electrolyte support. Additionally the following interventions may be instituted in an effort to improve function and outcome: Edema Reduction Reduction of the inflammatory response is one intervention of concentrating in the treatment of the acute spinal cord injury. Steroids have provided a primary tool to reduce edema and inflammation, the most successful of which is methylprednisolone (MP). According to Bracken (1993) the administration of a high dose of MP, if given within eight hours of the insult in patients with both complete and incomplete SCI, as proposed by the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS-2), has been promising with respect to improved clinical outcome. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MP improves function may involve antioxidant properties, the inhibition of inflammatory response, and/or a role in immunosuppression. Inhibition of Inflammation: by use of Anti-Inflammatory Agents Although inflammation is generally held to be are pair mechanism that is restorative in nature, recent work has demonstrated that the inflammatory cascade produces several pathways that are degradative in nature, such as the prostagland in pathways. Anti-inflammatory agents have been administered with successful limitation of the inflammatory process. As indicated by Hains, Yucra and Hulsebosch (2001) selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2inhibitors given systemically to spinal card injury patients have demonstrated significant improvements. Provision of inhibition of the enzyme activation sequence appears to be the safest medication action at this time. Application of either whole body hypothermia or local cord cooling appears to hold promise for those suffering from neuro trauma. Application of hypothermia, either spinally or systemically, is thought to provide protection for neural cells and to reduce secondary inflammation, decreasing immediate mortality. According to Haye s, Hsieh, Potter, Wolfe, Delaney, and Blight (1993) local spinal cord cooling within eight and a half hours of injury in ten patients produced a better-than-expected rate of recovery of sensory and motor function. Rescue from Neural Cell Death Cells die due to a programmed cell death after SCI. An excellent opportunity is present for intervention with factors that could rescue the cells at risk. As presented by Eldadah and Faden (2000) one approach to cell rescue is the inhibition of caspases. Caspases are regulated signalling proteases that that accomplish a primary role in mediating cell apoptosis thru division at specific sites within proteins. These proteins inhibit programmed cell death and are a part of the bcl-2 oncogene products. According to Shibata, Murray, Tessler, Ljubetic, Connors and Saavedra (2000) recent work has demonstrated prevention of retrograde cell loss and atrophy reduction by direct intra-spinal administration of the Bcl-2 protein into the damaged site. Another group of proteins with potential cell death inhibition properties are calpains. Calpains are calcium-activated proteases that assist in degradation of cytoskeletal demolition of injured cells. Substances with calpain inhibitor p roperties could prove of benefit in reduction of cell death. Demyelination and Conduction According to Waxman (2001) the strategy of inhibiting the neural injury induced by the increased barrage of action potentials early in the injury phase or by inhibiting the voltage-dependent sodium channels, which provide the ionic basis for the action potential may be beneficial. In addition, neural injury and disease may introduce altered ionic channel function on nerve processes that would result in impaired conduction properties, which produces persistent hyperexcitability leading to the basis for chronic pain after CNS neural trauma. As a result of secondary injury to the spinal cord many axons are demylinated. Infusion of a fast, voltage-sensitive potassium channel blocker may provide partial restoration of conduction properties to demylinated axons. As presented by Guest, Hiester and Bunge (2005) another strategy for the improvement in demyelinationis the transplantation of Schwann cells which may contribute to the restoration of myelin sheaths around some spinal axo ns. Promotion of Axonal Regeneration During development of the central nervous system, an assortment of axonal growth promoting proteins are present in the extracellular environment. The environment stimulates axon growth and neural development. Once the central nervous system is established the growth stimulating agents decline. The adult central nervous system shifts toward inhibition of axonal growth permitting a stable and circuitry. These inhibition and stimulatory factors provide an opportunity for research that will promote axonal growth after a spinal cord injury perhaps rebuilding a neural communication network. Cell Replacement Strategies After spinal cord injury function of nerve cells and cells that produce myelin that insulates and provides a positive impulse conduction venue has vanished. Cellular replacement to rebuild conduction properties is a promising therapy. As indicated by Normura, Tator and Shoichet (2006) there is promise that technology utilizing cellular treatment procedures including olfactory ensheathing cells, (the cells that form the myelin on olfactory nerves), Schwann cells (the cells that form the myelin on peripheral nerves), dorsalroot ganglia, adrenal tissue, and neural stem cells can promote repair of the injured spinal cord. It is postulated that these tissues would rescue, replace, or provide a regenerative pathway for injured adult neurons, which would then integrate or promote the regeneration of the spinal cord circuitry and restore function after injury. As indicated by Nakamura (2005) there is promise that bioengineering technology utilizing cellular treatment advances can p romote repair of the injured spinal cord. Transplantation of these cells promotes functional recovery of locomotion and reflex responses. The engineering of cells combines the therapeutic advantage of the cells along with a delivery system. For example, if delivery of neurotrophins (neuro- related to cell nerves, tropin- a turning) is desired, cells that secrete neutrophins and cells that create myelin can be engineered to stimulate axon growth and rebuild nerve function. In an effort to further enhance beneficial effects autoimmune agents such as macrophages can be extracted from the patients own system and inserted at the injury site. The patients own activated macrophages will scavenge degenerating myelin debris, rich in non-permissive factors, and at the same time encourage regenerative growth without eliciting an immune response. Retrain the Brain with Aggressive Physical Therapy It is apparent that recovery of locomotion is dependent on sensory input that can reawaken spinal circuits and activate central pattern generators in the spinal cord, as demonstrated by spontaneous stepping in the lower limbs of one patient. According to Calancie, Alexeeva, Broton and Molano (2005) it may take six or more months for reflexes to appear following acute SCI suggesting they might be due to new synaptic interconnections. Electrical Stimulation Functional electrical stimulation (FES) that contributes to improved standing can improve quality of life for the individual and the caregiver. There is considerable interest in computer-controlled FES for strengthening the lower extremities and for cardiovascular conditioning, which has met with some success in terms of physiological improvements such as increased muscle mass, improved blood flow, and better bladder and bowel function. With added benefit there are decreases in medical complications such as venous thrombosis, osteoporosis, and bone fractures. Stimulation of the phrenic nerve, which innervates the diaphragm, is used in cases where there is damage to respiratory pathways. Chronic Central Pain As indicated by Siddall Cousins (1997) pain continues to be a significant problem in patients with spinal cord injuries. There is little consensus regarding the terminology, definitions and nature of the pain. Treatment studies have lacked congruence due to inaccurate identification of pain types. There has been little progress in efforts to bring an understanding of the pathophysiology of CCP to the development of therapeutic approaches for the SCI patient population. Chronic central pain (CCP) syndromes develop in the majority of spinal cord injury patients. As indicated by Que, Siddall and Cousins (2007) chronic pain is a disturbing aspect of spinal cord injury, often interfering with basic activities, effective rehabilitation and the quality of life of the patient. Evidence that neurons in pain pathways are pathophysiologically altered after spinal cord injury comes from both clinical and animal literature. In addition, the development of the chronic pain state correl ates with structural alterations such as intra-spinal sprouting of primary afferent fibres. According to Que, Siddall and Cousins (2007) pain in the cord-injured patient is often resistant to treatment. Recognition of Chronic Central Pain has led to utilization of non-opioid analgesics. According to Siddall and Middleton (2006) Baclofen, once used exclusively in treatment of spasticity and the anticonvulsant gabapentin originally used to treat epilepsy, have had some success with attenuating muskuloskeletal CCP syndromes. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline has shown effective in treatment of dysesthetic pain. Conclusion Stem cell therapy will offer hope for spinal cord injury patients with opportunities for the abundance of cell replacement strategies. Advances in the field of electronic circuitry will lead to better FES and robotic devices. Pharmacological advances offer intervention direction to aid in recovery and improve patients quality of life every day. The re-establishment of cell, nerve and muscle communication interconnections will be potentially possible. Through tenacity, health, and future development one day victims of spinal cord injury will be told there is hope of recovery. References American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Bracken, M.B., Holford, T.R. (1993). Effects of timing of methylprednisolone or naloxone administration on recovery of segmental and long-tract neurological function in NASCIS 2. Journal of Neurosurgery. 79(4), 500-7. Bunge, R.P., Puckett, W.R., and Hiester, E.D. (1997). Observations on the pathology of several types of human spinal cord injury, with emphasis on the astrocyte response to penetrating injuries. Adv Neurol.72, 305-315. Calancie, B., Alexeeva, N., Broton, J.G., Molano, M.R. (2005). Interlimb reflex activity after spinal cord injury in man: strengthening response patterns are consistent with ongoing synaptic plasticity. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 116(1), 75-86. Eldadah, B.A., Faden, A.I. (2000). Caspase pathwa ys, neuronal apoptosis, and CNS injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 17(10), 811-29. Guest, J.D., Hiester, E.D., Bunge, R.P. (2005). Demyelination and Schwann cell responses adjacent to injury epicenter cavities following chronic human spinal cord injury. Experimental Neurology. 192(2), 384-93. Hains, B.C., Yucra, J.A., Hulsebosch, C.E. (2001). Reduction of pathological and behavioral deficits following spinal cord contusion injury with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398. Journal of Neurotrauma. 18(4), 409-23. Hayes, K.C., Hsieh, J.T., Potter, P.J., Wolfe, D.L., Delaney, G.A., Blight, A.R. (1993). Effects of induced hypothermia on somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 31(11), 730-41. Huether, S.E., McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. Hulsebosch, C.E. (2002). Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment of spinal cord injury. Advan. Physiol.Edu. 2 6, 238-255 Nakamura, M., Okano, H., Toyama, Y., Dai, H.N., Finn, T.P., Bregman, B.S. (2005). Transplantation of embryonic spinal cord-derived neurospheres support growth of supraspinal projections and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the neonatal rat. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 81(4), 457-68. Nomura, H., Tator, C.H., Shoichet, M.S. (2006). Bioengineered strategies for spinal cord repair. Journal of Neurotrauma. 23(3-4), 496-507. Que, J.C., Siddall, P.J., Cousins, M.J. (2007). Pain management in a patient with intractable spinal cord injury pain: a case report and literature review. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 105(5), 1462-73, table of contents. Shewmon, D.A. (1999). Spinal shock and brain death: somatic pathophysiological equivalance and implications for the integrative-unity rationale. Spinal Cord 37, 313-324 Shibata, M., Murray M., Tessler, A., Ljubetic, C., Connors, T., Saavedra, R.A. (2000). Single injections of a DNA plasmid that conta ins the human Bcl-2 gene prevent loss and atrophy of distinct neuronal populations after spinal cord injury in adult rats. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 14(4), 319-30. Siddall, P.J., Middleton, J.W. (2006). A proposed algorithm for the management of pain following spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 44, 67-77 Tator, C.H. (1998). Biology of neurological recovery and functional restoration after spinal card injury. Neurosurgery. 42(4), 696-707 Waxman, S.G. (2001). Acquired channelopathies in nerve injury and MS. Neurology. 56(12), 1621-7.

Causes of Depression Essay - 698 Words

Depression is a rapidly growing mental illness that strikes millions, but they never know the cause of this common, yet sometimes, harmful illness. If victims and potential victims knew what caused depression, they could do more to prevent it from happening. In order to know what causes depression, one has to know what it is. The online dictionary defines it as â€Å"a condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and more prolonged than that warranted by any objective reason (Dictionary: 1)†. Depression doesn’t just come from one single cause, but instead, â€Å"likely results from a combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors (NIMH: 1)†. The National Institute of Mental Health also goes†¦show more content†¦It’s a general stereotype that they stay up late and sleep all day. It may seem like the fun thing to do, but it can cause problems. Due to a lack of being able to sleep, it has an effect on functioning, as well as leading to psychiatric disorders. In teens, depression can be caused by sleeping too much or too little, so getting just the right amount of sleep is still ideal (Psychology Today: 1). On a more recently noted fact, eating junk food can cause depression as well. Junk food is bad for your weight and health, but British and French scientists also found that it causes depression. These scientists analyzed data from 3.486 men and women by their food and mood data (Hindustan: 1)†. Each person was given a questionnaire about the food they ate. Five years later, those same people were given a questionnaire that measured symptoms of depression. The results showed people who ate more processed foods were depressed, compared to people who ate healthier (Hindustan: 1). A shocking discovery that may baffle all is that the Internet causes depression, as well. British scientists that researched this cause said â€Å"that the longer people spent online, the less likely they were to be happy (Internet: 1)†. The study also says the worst cases were both depressed and addicted. Unfortunately, it was not clear to the scientists whether the internet caused depression or vice versa. Because of theShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Depression And Depression884 Words   |  4 Pages The causes of depression Recent researches have showed that there are a high percentage of people at any age has depression problems. More than three hundred thousand people get into permanent care of depression every year (Merrell n.d). Depression is a major problem, and it is not like any other disease. Some people are born with this disease; perhaps they got it from their ancestors that stuck in their system. Many people attempt to commit suicide because of depression, which is commonRead MoreDepression : Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1116 Words   |  5 Pagessweating and dizziness. Anxiety may cause physical exhaustion and general ill health. Effects of depression When someone is found in such a condition the primary effects observed are the various signs and symptoms caused by a particular situation, thought, physical state, emotions or actions which brought about the depression. The effects of depression are mostly observed in the physical state as the symptoms portrays on the person who is in a depressed state. Depression can result into condition whichRead MoreDepression : The Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1142 Words   |  5 Pagessnickered at him from afar. Then to tie it all together, he tripped in a puddle of muddy water on the way home from school. Life was making him be depressed. 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I am 19 years old, and I do, in fact, suffer fromRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Depression874 Words   |  4 PagesCauses of Depression As we perceived today, many of American citizens are suffering from depression where they suffer from mental stresses. According to Bill Hendrick, a reporter at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, about nine percent of American citizens are suffering from a depression. Depression is when a person is not in his or her minds. They may feel down downcasted and traumatized. Depression can be caused by different factors. Things such as abuses, bullying, death, genetics or a lossRead MoreCauses of Teenage Depression1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbooklet or website or whatever they list depression among the side effects of cancer. But, in fact, depression is not a side effect of cancer. Depression is a side effect of death (â€Å"The Only Thing Worse†).† Occasional bad moods or acting out is to be expected, but depression is something different. Depression can destroy the very essence of a teenager’s personality, causing an overwhelming sense of sadness, despair, or anger (à ¢â‚¬Å"A Guide for Parents†). The depression rate in the teen’s generation is risingRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of depression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People who have not had much experience with depression agree with this definition, and believe those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite loss

The Agricultural Revolution Of Cuba - 1516 Words

Although most of the world’s food supply comes from rural areas, those areas are the ones with the most food deficient people. Food production grows more rapidly than does the world’s population, but yet there are still many people who lack access to food. Cuba struggled for a long time to recover their agricultural systems and produce enough food for even themselves. Today Cuba’s agricultural production is better and more self-sufficient than ever before. Conserving the environment has growing support and is the future of all agricultural development. The agricultural revolution of Cuba has inspired other countries to be self-sufficient, to practice a more sustainable form of agriculture, and to direct farming toward meeting the needs of people within a country, rather than producing cash crops for export. Policies on global food production threatened the food security of many countries. First, economically vulnerable countries are subject to the unexpected ch anges of the international marketplace, food prices, and heavily subsidized produce from the global North that undermine the ability of the former to compete. Second, certain crops, like sugarcane, potato, and corn, are planted to produce biofuels, primarily ethanol, instead of food for poor populations. Wealthy nations that can afford to buy crops for biofuels inflate market prices for food, and then the food still goes to the country willing to pay. Third, nations that are based primarily on exporting productsShow MoreRelatedThe Food Revolution Of Cuba1525 Words   |  7 PagesFood Revolution in Cuba When we think of Cuba, we think revolution, yet we will zoom in on a different revolution that has been happening in Cuba and this is a food revolution. This crucial movement was in response to crisis, hitherto it resulted in the most innovative act of sustainability. 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Based on these two sources, it can be conducted that Ernesto

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